A shell and tube heat exchanger is one of the most widely used types of heat exchange equipment in industrial applications. It is designed to transfer heat between two fluids, typically without mixing them, by allowing one fluid to flow through a set of tubes while the other flows around those tubes within a larger enclosing shell. This configuration provides a large surface area for heat transfer, making it highly efficient and suitable for a wide range of operating conditions. The basic structure of a shell and tube heat exchanger consists of several key components. The outer vessel, known as the shell, encloses a bundle of tubes. These tubes are usually made of materials with good thermal conductivity, such as copper, stainless steel, or other alloys, depending on the application. The tube bundle is fixed in place by tube sheets, which hold the tubes securely and separate the fluids. One fluid flows inside the tubes, referred to as the tube-side fluid, while the other flows through the shell around the tubes, called the shell-side fluid